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Title : National Historical Museum - Colonial Chile
link : National Historical Museum - Colonial Chile

National Historical Museum - Colonial Chile

[by Erika Brandner in Santiago de Chile]

Couple from the colonial high society in Chile - XVI Century

I made these sketches in the National Historical Museum located downtown Santiago de Chile. Right in the "Plaza de Armas” or main square of Santiago city. The museum shows the history of Chile from the pre-Columbian era (15000 BC) to the government of Salvador Allende.
The museum is not so big but in its 15 rooms there is so much visual and written information that I was able to sketch only one period the first one: the "Colonial Chile. From 1600 to 1810, beginning with the Destruction of the Seven Cities and ending with the onset of the Chilean War of Independence. During this time the Chilean heartland was ruled by Captaincy General of Chile. The period was characterized by a lengthy conflict between Spaniards and native Mapuches known as the Arauco War.

Erika Brandner sketching on a very sunny day with ink and water brush the Historical Museum of Chile

The building where the National Historical Museum is located was built by the Chilean architect Juan José de Goycolea and Zañartu in Neoclassical style (as almost all Santiago where the French influence was very strong in the 19th century). It was the first National Congress, the Royal Court and Government House (until it was moved to the Palace of the Coin).
The museum as such was created at the beginning of the 20th century with collections from the  former Indigenous Historical Museum, the Historical Gallery of the National Museum and the Military Museum.

Building of the National Historical Museum - sketch made with ink pen and brush pen by Erika Brandner

THE LATIFUNDIUM
In the 16th century, the Spanish Crown was the first European power of the 16th century. And in Southamercia, one of the practices of the king were to give land grants and the encomiendas, which gave rise to the latifundium. The Land Grant (from 400 to 600 blocks) was given according to the warrior merit. The encomiendas were groups of indigenous people that were assigned to an owner of a grant to work the land. To the rhythm of the economy of the wheat, the ruling class acquired wealth, power and prestige and the "People" became a peasant.

"Collections" sketch of metal and carved wood stirrups - Silver Mate and Candlesnuffer - XIV Century 

THE CHURCH
During the colonial period, Chile depended of the archdiocese of Lima. In Chile were diosesis of Santiago and Concepción. The highest authority was the bishop.The orders that came to evangelize were:

The Dominicans: 
Fray Bartolomé de las Casas was one of the first orders and tried to defend the indigenous peoples from the abuses of the Spaniards.
The Franciscans:
They carried out mass baptisms to indigenous peoples. They made a strong missionary work to the "Indians" and they had evangelization schools.
The Jesuits:
They made an intense educational work. They worked with great diligence and economic activities were carried out. Their power led the King to expel them of America in 1767. One of their priests, father Luis de Valdivia played an important role by trying to implement a policy of defensive war  to avoid the conflict with the Mapuche and achieve peace.

"Collections" of catholic religuous items: Cross, bells, custody, etc.

BRIDGE OF CAL Y CANTO:
The only piece I sketched that was around modernity was the Bridge of Cal y Canto. The classicism of the 19th century is also reflected in the works of urban infrastructure. The construction has a neoclassical architectural style with engineering logic, rationalism and simple, clear and rigid to optimize its functionality. In this sketch of the scale model of the bridge I also included the jacket of Ambrosio O'Higgins, the biological father of Bernardo O'Higgins, who is known as the "Father of the land" Chile.

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